There are basically two categories of cakes: shortening types and foam or sponge types.
Shortening-type cakes contain shortening, margarine, or butter along with flour, eggs, a liquid, and a leavening agent, such as baking powder or soda. Shortening cakes are the basic white (uses egg whites only), yellow (contains egg yolks), chocolate, and pound cakes.
Examples of foam cakes are angel food, sponge, and chiffon.
Angel food cakes depend entirely on beaten egg whites to rise; no leavening agents, such as baking powder or soda, are used. In addition, angel food cakes have no added shortening or egg yolks.
Sponge cakes use both egg whites and egg yolks. Additional leavening agents are sometimes used. There is no added fat in a sponge cake. A jelly roll is an example of a sponge cake.
Chiffon cakes are a combination of foam-type cakes and shortening-type cakes. They contain egg yolks, leavening agents, and vegetable oil.